Saila Dance

Introduction and History

Origin and Historical Background

The Saila dance of the Gond tribe in Uttar Pradesh has deep historical roots, dating back thousands of years as a traditional dance-song form prevalent in the forest and plain areas of Varanasi, Sonbhadra and Mirzapur. The dance is primarily associated with the agricultural cycle, marking the onset of the monsoon season and the harvest period. It is performed as a ritualistic expression of gratitude to nature and the gods for ensuring fertility and prosperity in their land.

Historically, the Gond community, known for their animist beliefs and deep reverence for nature, used the Saila dance as a way to invoke blessings, ward off evil spirits and celebrate the natural rhythms of life. The circular dance moves, accompanied by synchronized beats of the lathi and mandal drums, reflect the cyclical nature of the seasons and the eternal bond between humans and the environment. The inclusion of a masked dancer moving around the group is believed to provide spiritual protection from external threats and misfortune.

Traditionally, the Saila dance was performed after the monsoon rains when the fields were lush and the harvest season was about to begin. Over time, it became an essential part of festivals such as Makar Sankranti, Sarhul Puja and Shambhu Gaura Puja, as well as special community celebrations and the arrival of guests. The dance remains a cultural symbol of the Gond tribe, which carries forward its rich heritage and traditions despite the influence of modernization.

Cultural Significance in the Gond Tribe

The Saila dance holds deep cultural significance within the Gond tribe of Uttar Pradesh, serving as a vibrant expression of their heritage, social unity, and spiritual beliefs.

Expression of Cultural Identity

The Saila dance forms the basis of the cultural identity of the Gond community. Performed during the post-harvest season and important festivals, the dance reflects the tribe's deep connection to agriculture and nature. The dance displays traditional dress, music, and choreography, preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of the Gonds.

Social Cohesion and Community Bonding

As a group performance involving 15 to 20 participants, the Saila dance promotes social cohesion and strengthens community bonds. The coordinated movements and mass participation symbolize unity and mutual support, strengthening social structures and relationships within the tribe.

Spiritual and Religious Significance

The Gond people have a deep spiritual connection to nature, often worshiping natural elements and deities. The Saila dance is performed during various festivals and rituals, as an offering to the deities and a means of seeking blessings for prosperity and safety. The inclusion of elements such as peacock feathers and circular structures in the dance reflects the tribe's reverence for natural symbols and cosmic cycles.

Characteristics of the Dance

Main Features

Saila Nritya is a famous folk dance-song of the Gond community, performed in the dense forests and plains of Varanasi, Sonbhadra and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh. This ancient dance has been practiced for thousands of years, mainly during agricultural activities, festivals and nature-related celebrations. It is a group performance of 15 to 20 tribal men and women, dressed in their traditional attire and adorned with decorative elements. A unique feature of this dance is the use of sticks in a rhythmic manner by the male and female performers, who strike them simultaneously while dancing. The male dancers also wear peacock feathers on their backs, which enhances the visual appeal of the performance. The dancers move in a circular formation, rotating from left to right, symbolizing cosmic and earthly movements.

The beats of the Mandar drum and the rhythmic clash of the sticks create a mesmerizing musical ambiance. A distinctive aspect of the dance is the presence of a masked performer who moves around the group, believed to protect them from external threats, which adds a symbolic and dramatic element to the performance. The Saila dance is mainly performed at the beginning of the monsoon season and during Khichdi/Makar Sankranti, continuing for five days. It also has cultural significance during special occasions such as Shambhu Gaura Puja, Sarhul Puja and welcoming guests, making it an integral part of Gond tribal traditions.

Common Steps and Their Description

The Saila dance of the Gond tribe follows a structured but rhythmic movement pattern, where the dancers synchronize their steps with the beats of the mandar and clashing of sticks. The common steps in this dance reflect the themes of nature, celebration and unity.

One of the fundamental steps is the circular step, where the dancers move in a circle moving from left to right in sync with the rhythm. This represents the cosmic cycle and the relationship between humans and nature. Another prominent movement is the Stick Clashing Step, where the performers hold sticks in both hands and strike them rhythmically while stepping back and forth, creating a striking visual and auditory effect.

The Peacock Step is a distinct kind of movement, where the male dancers, wearing peacock feathers, move their bodies gracefully while lifting their legs in a fluid motion, which mimics the grace of the peacock's dance. The Jumping Step adds energy to the performance, where the dancers move in sync with the beats of the drums, symbolizing joy and celebration.

A unique element of the dance is the Masked Step, where a masked performer moves rapidly around the group in a protective manner, creating a dramatic contrast to the structured formations. These steps along with hand gestures and body movements make the Saila dance a lively and expressive traditional performance.

Rhythm and Taal

Understanding the Rhythm and Beat of the Dance

The rhythm and beat of the Shell dance play a vital role in maintaining the energy and coordination of the performance. The dance follows a steady, pulsating beat, primarily set by the mandar drum, which provides a deep, resonant sound that guides the dancers' movements. The rhythm is complemented by the striking of sticks, creating a percussive effect that enhances the dynamic nature of the dance.

The Shell dance typically follows a 4-beat or 8-beat cycle, where dancers match their steps and stick movements to the drum pattern. The rhythm begins slow, gradually increasing in speed as the performance progresses, adding excitement and intensity. Dancers respond to these variations by adjusting their foot movements and circular movements.

Another important aspect is the call-and-response rhythm, where one group of dancers initiates a movement or taal, and the others follow, creating a synchronized flow. The combination of deep drum beats, rhythmic stick strikes and synchronized footwork is the essence of Saila dance, making it a highly engrossing and energetic performance.

Costumes and Musical Instruments

Characteristics of Costumes and Their Cultural Significance

The Saila dance of the Gond tribe in Uttar Pradesh, particularly in Varanasi, Sonbhadra and Mirzapur, is a vibrant traditional dance performed during festivals, agricultural ceremonies and religious occasions. The costumes worn during the dance are not merely decorative but hold deep cultural, symbolic and ritual significance. They reflect the Gond people’s connection to nature, their spiritual beliefs and the collective energy of their performances.

Characteristics of Costumes

Men’s Costume

Dhoti and Kurta: Male dancers wear cotton dhoti (cloth wrapped around the waist) and loose kurta in bright colours such as red, yellow, green and blue. The light fabric allows for easy movement during the energetic dance.

Angavastra or Waistband: Some dancers wear angavastra (loose cloth wrapped around the shoulders) or waistband, which enhances the traditional aesthetic. The use of bright fabrics symbolises festivity and prosperity.

Peacock feather decorations: A distinctive feature of the male dancers is the peacock feather (mor pankh) they wear on their backs. This symbolizes:

• Harmony between man and nature, as the peacock is considered sacred in Gond culture.
• Courage and strength, as the dancers imitate the movements of the peacock during the performance.
• Blessings of the gods, as peacock feathers are often associated with divine protection.

Anklets (ghunghroo): Many male dancers wear ghungroos (small metal bells) around their ankles, which produce rhythmic sounds, adding to the musicality of the dance.

Head bands and turbans: Some male dancers often wear decorated head bands or turbans made of red or yellow cloth, symbolizing strength and bravery.

Women's Costume

Colourful Sarees or Ghaghra: Female dancers wear vibrant saris or ghagra (long skirts), often with tribal embroidery and mirror work. The colours used in their costume are symbolic:

• Red represents energy and devotion.
• Green symbolises nature and fertility.
• Yellow symbolises happiness and prosperity.

Blouses and Dupatta: Women wear fitted blouses and flowing dupattas (scarves) that complement their saris. The dupatta is often draped over the shoulder, allowing for free movement while dancing.

Jewellery and Jewellery: Women wear traditional Gond jewellery made of beads, shells, silver and brass. Common accessories include:

• Necklaces: Layered beaded or metal necklaces, symbolising prosperity.
• Bangles (Choori): Made of metal or wood, worn in large numbers to produce rhythmic sounds during the dance.
• Anklets: Produce melodious tinkling sounds that are in sync with the rhythm of the dance.
• Ear and nose rings: Large earrings and nose rings, often attached to a chain, add to the beauty and grace of the dancers.

Special accessories and attributes

Face paint and body art: Some dancers apply natural colours and dyes in tribal patterns on their faces and bodies, signifying their connection with ancestors, nature or divine forces.

Use of masks:

• At the centre of the group, one dancer wears a mask, who plays the role of a guardian.
• This masked dancer moves around the group to ward off evil spirits and external threats.
• The mask often represents a mythological character, a deity or a protective spirit from Gond traditions.

Cultural significance of costumes

Reflection of tradition and identity

The Gond community has preserved their traditional dress for generations, and the costumes of Saila dance represent their tribal heritage.

The use of hand-woven fabrics, natural colours and traditional jewellery reflects their indigenous craftsmanship and self-reliant lifestyle.

Connection to nature

The inclusion of peacock feathers, wooden accessories and natural fabrics reflects the deep respect the Gond people have for nature.

The many motifs and embroidery patterns in their costumes depict trees, birds and animals, reinforcing their belief in the sanctity of the environment.

Enhance performance and rhythmic appeal

Bright colours and dynamic clothing create an eye-catching visual effect, making the dance more appealing to both the performers and the audience.

Jewellery such as anklets, bangles and bead jewellery contribute to the rhythm and energy of the dance, making the performance lively and dynamic.

Symbolism in rituals and festivals

The costumes are closely associated with seasonal festivals such as:

• Monsoon festivals (Sawan): expressing gratitude for rain and fertility.
• Makar Sankranti and Khichdi Festival: welcoming the harvest season.
• Sarhul Puja: honoring forest deities.
• Shambhu Gauri Puja: a traditional Gond festival celebrating divine energy.

The use of masks and peacock feathers in specific performances is associated with spiritual protection and receiving divine blessings.

The traditional costumes of the Saila dance of the Gond tribe are more than just attire - they represent cultural pride, environmental connection and spiritual belief. From bright dhotis and saris to peacock feathers and traditional jewellery, every element of the costume enhances the visual appeal of the dance and deepens its cultural significance. The costume not only adds to the grandeur of the performance but also preserves the rich heritage of the Gond tribal community in Uttar Pradesh.

Main Musical Instruments and Their Identification

• Mandala - It is a traditional drum-like instrument that is the core of the musical rhythm in Saila dance. It is usually made of wood with animal skin stretched over both ends. The mandala is played by striking it with the hands, producing deep, resonating beats. These beats guide the dancers' movements and set the pace of the performance. The rhythm of the mandala is essential for maintaining coordination among the performers as they move in circular formations.
• Danda (wooden sticks) - The dancers hold a pair of wooden sticks in each hand and strike them together in a rhythmic manner while performing. These sticks are usually made of hard wood to produce a sharp, percussive sound that complements the drum beats. The striking of the sticks together adds an auditory dimension to the visual spectacle of the dance. The act of striking the sticks while dancing together symbolizes harmony and collective spirit within the community.
• Ghungroos (ankle bells) - Small metal bells are tied around the dancers' ankles. As the performers move, these bells create a continuous tinkling sound that enhances the musical atmosphere. The rhythmic sound of the ghungroos accentuates the dancers' steps and adds a dynamic layer to the overall performance. This sound helps the dancers maintain synchronization and adds a festive element to the dance.
• Flute - This wind instrument is sometimes used during the Saila dance to add a melodic component to the performance. It is crafted from bamboo and creates soft, melodious tunes that contrast with the pounding beats of the mandala and the sharp clash of the sticks. The music of the flute enhances the emotional and cultural depth of the dance, reflecting the Gond tribe's connection to nature and their pastoral lifestyle.
• Cymbals - Small metal plates are struck against each other to produce a bright, resonating sound. This instrument is used to highlight key moments during the dance, provide additional rhythm, and enhance the texture of the music. The sound of the cymbals blends with the drum and stick rhythms, creating a layered and immersive musical experience that enhances the energy of the performance.

Conservation and Modern Impressions

Preservation of traditional styles and methods

• Oral transmission and community participation – Saila dance has been preserved for generations through oral tradition, where elders teach the intricate steps, rhythms and cultural significance of the performance to younger members. Community celebrations and festivals play a key role in keeping the dance alive.
• Inclusion in cultural festivals – The dance is regularly performed during harvest festivals, religious ceremonies and social gatherings, ensuring its continued practice and relevance within the Gond community. Events such as Sarhul Puja and Makar Sankranti provide a platform for its traditional expression.
• Use of indigenous musical instruments – Traditional instruments such as mandalas, flutes and wooden sticks are still used to maintain the authenticity of the performances. The craftsmanship of these instruments has also been passed down through generations, preserving their unique sound and cultural significance.
• Educational initiatives and workshops – Cultural institutions and community centres often organise workshops to teach the younger generation about the significance, steps and musical components of the dance. This ensures that traditional knowledge does not get lost over time.
• Integration with modern media and documentation – With the rise of digital media, efforts are being made to record and share Saila dance performances through videos, documentaries and online platforms. This helps to reach a wider audience and generate interest among the younger generation.
• Consistency of costumes and attire – Traditional attire, including the use of peacock feathers and handmade jewellery, remains an essential part of the dance. By encouraging the use of locally sourced materials and traditional weaving techniques, the authenticity of the dance is maintained.

By combining these methods, the Gond community and cultural organisations ensure that the Saila dance remains an integral part of their heritage while adopting contemporary influences.

Role and influence of media in education

• Inclusion in academic courses - Traditional tribal dances like Saila are increasingly being introduced in schools and universities as part of cultural studies, performing arts programmes and heritage conservation courses. This helps students learn about indigenous art forms and their historical significance.
• Workshops and training programmes - Various cultural institutions and tribal welfare organisations conduct workshops to teach the younger generation about the dance, its history and techniques. These programmes ensure skill transfer and generate interest in preserving the traditional forms.
• University research and documentation - Scholars and researchers are studying Saila dance as part of ethnographic and anthropological research. Their findings are documented in academic journals, books and cultural reports, helping in its formal recognition and preservation.
• Representation in television and film - Tribal dances are being shown in documentaries, historical films and cultural programmes on television. These performances help spread awareness and appreciation for Saila dance to a wider audience beyond its traditional communities.
• Use of social media and online platforms – Digital platforms such as YouTube, Instagram and Facebook are being used to showcase Saila dance performances. These platforms provide global reach, helping to preserve and promote the dance to a younger audience who consume online content.
• Cultural festivals and public performances – Government-supported cultural festivals, folk dance competitions and public performances help keep the dance relevant. These events provide a platform for artists to perform Saila dance, as well as attract tourism and appreciation from diverse audiences.
• Collaboration with contemporary artists – Modern musicians and choreographers are incorporating elements of Saila dance into fusion performances, creating a blend of traditional and contemporary styles. This adaptation helps keep the dance style alive and makes it more appealing to new generations.
• Archival efforts by museums and cultural organizations - Museums and cultural centers are archiving exhibits, costumes, and instruments associated with the Saila dance. This documentation ensures the preservation of its original form and provides resources for future study and revival efforts.

Through these educational and media-driven initiatives, the Saila dance is being preserved, promoted, and adapted for future generations while maintaining its cultural essence.

Conclusion

Shail Nritya, a traditional folk dance of the Gond tribe in Uttar Pradesh, has deep historical and cultural significance. It originated thousands of years ago, rooted in agricultural celebrations, festivals and rituals dedicated to nature. It has been an integral part of the Gond tribal community, symbolizing unity, joy and reverence for the environment. This dance not only preserves ancestral traditions but also reflects the tribe’s spiritual beliefs and attachment to the land. This dance has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from other folk performances. It is a group dance performed by men and women in coordinated movements, using wooden sticks to create rhythmic beats. The participants form circular patterns, moving in synchronized steps, which symbolize harmony with nature. Over time, different regions have added their own unique expressions while retaining the essence of the original dance form.
Rhythm and beats play an important role in defining the structure of the dance. The beats created by the sticks and percussion instruments follow specific rhythmic patterns, which add to the energy of the performance. The rhythms vary depending on the occasion, whether it is performed during seasonal festivals, religious ceremonies or social gatherings. These rhythmic variations make the dance engaging and spiritually uplifting.
Costumes and musical instruments are essential components for the Saila dance. The traditional attire includes vibrant clothing, adorned with tribal motifs and accessories that reflect cultural identity. Peacock feathers worn by male performers symbolize grace and beauty, while wooden sticks add an element of percussion to the dance. Instruments such as the mandal (a traditional drum) and other folk percussion instruments create accompaniment music, which sets the pace for the dancers. While traditional costumes and instruments remain integral parts, modern adaptations have introduced contemporary clothing and electronic sound elements to enhance stage performances.
Efforts to preserve the Saila dance are essential to maintain its authenticity. Several initiatives focus on teaching the dance to the younger generation, thereby ensuring its continuity. Educational institutions and cultural organisations play a vital role in documenting and promoting this art form through workshops, performances and digital platforms. The influence of the media has helped reach a wider audience, bringing tribal dance forms into the mainstream cultural discourse.
Modern adaptations have introduced innovations while respecting the original essence of the dance. Fusion with contemporary dance styles, incorporation of theatrical elements and participation in global cultural events have expanded its appeal. While modernisation has brought about changes, the core of Saila Nritya remains deeply rooted in its traditional roots.
By understanding Saila Nritya in its entirety – from its history and rhythms to its costumes, musical instruments, preservation and evolution – it becomes evident that it is not just a dance form, but a living tradition that continues to adapt while maintaining its rich cultural heritage.
This part focused on the preservation of traditional styles and methods, emphasizing the importance of maintaining authenticity while adapting to changing times. It highlighted the role of education and media in promoting and sustaining cultural expressions. Additionally, it explored how modern elements are incorporated into the dance, creating a fusion of heritage and contemporary influences.