Introduction to Gumrag Dance

Geographical Context and Origin

It is significant as the Gumrag dance, one of the principal folk dances of Mishing tribe people dwelling in Assam state, a north overshadowed state of India. The culture of the Mishing tribe, their history and the spatial environment will help to understand where from and when this dance originates. The Mishing tribe speaks a dialect of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group, and is currently located in the Brahmaputra Valley regions of Assam. Their population is at peak in the districts of Assam, such as Majuli, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur and the Dhemaji.Gumrag dance is intimately associated with the traditional way of life, religion, and agrarian based economy of the Mishing tribe. The dance is performed mainly during the major festival of the people Ali-Aye-Ligang signifying the very start of spring and a new farming cycle. In this dance, the rich culture and heritage of the Mishing community comes out and they express their respect and gratitude towards nature. As Gumrag dance originated from agriculture, it is also culturally regarded as a form of agricultural festival.Geographically view, Gumrag dance is conducted in open fields or courtyards, preferably established outdoors near villages. The Mishing community is an ethnic group that primarily resides in Assam in the Upper Brahmaputra Valley region which has a direct influence on the dance in terms of climate, land environment and natural resources. The Mishing community, settled along the banks of the Brahmaputra River, has an agriculture-based lifestyle in which rain, soil and water are lifelines. That is why Gumrag dance also depends on the climate and the environmental condition of the region.As for the cultural history of the Mishing tribe, their origin is thought to have been near the Himalayas, Tibet to be specific, and it is later that after generations and generations of migration, they have located themselves in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam. The Mishing community retained and carried forward their religion and cultural identity while migrating. One of such heritage is gumrag dance, which they maintained along with their new base. Also make some note on style and structure of this dance in regional setting of Gumrag  dance. Although the Mishing tribe lives in flood-prone areas, the architecture as well as the lifestyle of the people is depicted through their dance moves and traditional houses (Chang-ghar) built on bamboo poles. The bodily gestures and actions of this dancing emulate the spirit of living in a bamboo, river and hill country. Dancers mimic rolling waves of the river, farming activities and natural processes by the movement of hands and feet.The cultural-religious significance of these Gumrag dance comes along with their static geographical height. By performing this dance, Mishing tribe worship to nature and agricultural deities. The dance is usually conducted to the beats of traditional musical instruments like dhol. Not only is the dance a form of recreation, it embodies both solidarity and social solidarity of the community.Gumrag is a dance based on the geographical origin and traditional life of the Mishing tribe. Dance of Assam is associated with its natural landscape, climate and socio-cultural environment. It has roots in agricultural cultivation and nature appreciation. It is a dance that is practiced by the Mishing tribe which plays a significant role in the religious rites and cultural programs of the tribe so that they uphold their cultural integrity.Gumrag dance accounts more than merely a dance, it is a tradition evolved, a traditional lifestyle, a ritualistic life style of the Mishing tribe, an intricately woven fabric of society, religion, and culture. The Gumrag dance is one of the most important traditional dances of Mishing tribe of Assam, an important aspect of their cultural heritage and lifestyle. Culturally, Mishing community are base people of Assam, geographically they have settled them-self along the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The life of the Mishing people is aquatic for floods and rivers are ubiquitous in their areas and so they practice agriculture. They live inside their houses which are built on top of bamboo poles, called 'Chang Ghar', to avoid flood waters. The agricultural-based livelihood is primarily based mostly on paddy cultivation, vegetable and different crops and Gumrag dance has an important significance in agriculture festivals and rituals.

Historical Background and Cultural Significance

Assam has a great diversity of culture and Gumrag dance is one of the significant traditional dances of Mishing community. The historical background of this particular dance provides not only a previous understanding of the origin and development of this dance but also shows how this dance has been playing an important role in cultural and social life of Mishing society.The Mishing is an indigenous Tibet-Burmese tribe residing in the regions of Assam. The culture and dance-songs are essential aspects of their tribal life. This also shows the origin of Gumrag dance.Gumrag dances are all about agriculture and climatic changes. Much of this dance symbolizes the happiness and thankfulness toward good harvest, successful farming and glad weather. Historically, Mishing society has been inextricably linked with its agrarian life and natural resources. Gumrag embodies these relationships through its cultural practice and is further an integral aspect of their social and cultural identity.Gumrag dance is an age-old tradition. Yes, it is based on ancient Mishing dance forms appearing in historical sources characterised by group dance forms practised for agricultural and seasonal festivities. Another aspect of this dance's uniqueness is that many of the traditions and rituals associated with it are based on local natural phenomena and festivals.The 17th and 18th century saw the rise and fall of many kings including the Ahoms, the Moamorias and the Kacharis but still, the Mishing community struggled to keep their societal identity intact as rulers from outside tried to maintain their dominance in Assam. Though in this period, Gumrag dance has been systematically merged into local fairs and occasions. This dance, for example, retained its presence in different community-based activities and became an important part of the cultural lifestyle of the Mishing society.There were very few changes in the tradition of Gumrag dance even during the British period, when colonization was taking place in India. However, the time frame of the colonial administration and foreign modification lead some social changes, but the traditional structure and contours of Gumrag dance remained unchanged.Once we got independence and well into modernity period, only then did Gumrag dance find its niche in new culture. Performance on its home base and on the world, stage later would see it gain acclaim in cultural tourism and art. So, the historic background of this dance as to how this dance has been part of the cultural heritage and it is very rich in traditions of the Mishing community also.In view of the traditions of Gumrag dance, it is rich in historical significance, as this dance has preserved its cultural identity throughout the years and with the flow of time in the society.

Description of the Mishing Tribe

Mishing Tribe

The Mishing tribe, is a tribal community found in the North-East Indian state of Assam. They belong to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group and their culture and history are hundreds of years old. In Tibet, the Mishing tribe is also call as 'Lhobha', 'Southern people', because they were originally populating the regions of South Tibet. Mishing and other Tani tribes were traditional traders with the Tibetans — they girl traded weapons and metals and got income meat and wool Since they lacked their own writing system, they communicated in writing in the Tibetan language.The Mishing tribe was first recorded in the 17th century Ahom Buranji. Mishings lived as free people at that time in hills north of Brahmaputra valley and they would occasionally raid Ahom territory. The Mishings were defeated by Ahom forces in 1655, and were ordered to pay taxes by the Ahoms. After that, Mishings also worked for the Ahom administration in higher positions, which indicates their close relationship with the Assamese.Mishing tribe also referred to as 'Miri Karni' were renowned archers that served in the Ahom army. They were instrumental in subduing the Naga clans and in Rudra Singha's Jaintia campaign. Even the Memoria rebellion failed to sway their loyalty, when numerous other hill tribes revolted. Mishing Tribe are popularly known for their traditional lifestyle and culture which should be practiced All time by their ancestors year by year in a unique manner. One of their unique customs is 'Chang Ghar' i.e. houses built on tall and sturdy bamboo columns. These houses offer safety from floods and keep the house chilly, and they can live comfortably with nature.Fishing and agriculture are the two main economic activities of the Mishing people. They net fish as well as rice, vegetables and fruits. It serves as the backbone of their livelihood pillar of agriculture and fishing. They speak their own language Mishing which is an important aspect in preserving their culture and tradition. Along with this, they use Assamese and English as well.Respect for their Own Cultural Festivals and Traditions: Mishing tribe people have the highest respect for their cultural traditions and festivals. Ali-Aye-Ligang: the advent of spring and agricultural activity. On this occasion, traditional dances, songs, and colourful costumes are performed. After talking about the related cultures, it encompasses dance, music, community feasts, with festivals like 'Bihu', 'Ali-Aye-Ni' etc. They ease the process of retaining their own culture and unification.

Description of famous persons of Mishing tribe

This includes the introduction of various famous ones of Mishing tribe who have come up to be what we really are. Not just an inspiration for his/her community but also among the various other domains important to our society and the culture at large these persons have played an invaluable role. These men and women have made strides in their work and struggle, be it in literature, politics, environmental conservation or social service. Please share with us the stories and works of these eminent personalities that help preserve the rich cultural heritage of the Mishing tribe.Dr Pabitra Kumar Pegu who has played an important role in the Gumrag dance of the Mishing tribe. He has been recognized by many for his works on preservation and promotion Mishing tradition such as dance forms.When it comes to the renowned personalities of the Mishing tribe, then the primary name in it is of Jadav Payeng. Jadav "Molai" Payeng (born 31 October 1959) is an Indian environmentalist and a member of the Mishing tribe, who is known as the "Forest Man of India". Payeng, an environmental activist and forest worker, was born on Assam's Majuli Island. He converted a barren sand island in the Brahmaputra river into a large forest area by planting and nurturing trees. This forest, which is called as the ‘Molai Forest' is situated near Kokilamukh in Jorhat and is spread over an area of ​​about 1,360 acres (550 hectares).It took several decades of effort before Payeng's remarkable achievement was recognized and in the year 2015 the Government of India awarded him with the Padma Shri. It is the fourth highest civilian award in India. Payeng is a member of Mishing community, one of the major tribal communities of Assam. His story is an inspiring illustration of devotion to the environment and nature conservation together with an appreciation of the rich cultural and nature loving traditions of the Mishing community.

Style Forms, Music, Instruments and Costumes Used in Gumrag Dance

Etiquette of Gumrag Dance

Gumrag dance too is an integral a part of the life style of the Mishing tribe mainly performed through the time ofAli-Aye-Ligang festival. Usually, the protocol and regulations of this dance are handed down from generation to generation, which contributes in preserving spirit of community, self-discipline and cultural heritage. Here the following etiquette are observed during the Gumrag dance:Gumrag dance participants have a special traditional dress. Men generally wear white dhoti and "galuk" (traditional wear) and women colorful "riha" and "mekhla" The dress not only represents the culture but also respects and tradition of the dance.Also, the Gumrag dance is performed together in a group, which the men and women synchronize their dance. In this dance, collectivity and unity is crucial, consequently the rhythm and steps of all participants must be synchronised. Kapone stated in her first video of the series that the tradition of group dance shows that every single person in the community plays an equal part and brings everyone closer together. 

Styles in Gumrag Dance

Different styles of dance present in Gumrag makes it building up more visual interest and attractiveness. This dance is one part of their traditional heritage, in which the people of Mishing showcase their agriculture lifestyle and their cultural symbols. The structure of Gumrag dance represents the diverse shape and function of this dance.

Music used in Gumrag dance

Mishings have traditional music that plays a huge part in the cultural heritage pertaining to the dance of GUMRAG. The traditional musical instruments dictate melodies and rhythms in this dance, governing the rhythm and tempo of the dance. In addition to the vitality that music brings to the dance, music is also an inseparable key to Mishing tribe life and culture.

• Dhol (Drum) — There is extensive use of Dhol in Gumrag dance. This traditional musical instrument lays the base beat and rhythm for the dance. Dhol: Dhol is a musical instrument which brings speed and energy in Berkshire several phases of dance. As the dancer’s progress, the beats of the Dhol begin slowly and become faster, providing more intensity and energy for the dancers.
• Taal (Percussion Instrument): They add a supplementary rhythm and harmony to the dance. Taal gets together with the beats of the dance to frame a lovely and vivid TakTaK. This directs the dancers to stay in time with their move, and regulates the pace in and out of their steps.
• Singing: The Gumrag dance is performed while singing traditional songs as well. All of these songs depict the folk stories of the Mishing tribe, agriculture and nature. The song combined with the instruments complemented the dance in a total cultural performance. While dancing and singing with the audience, lyric of the songs is usually about the earth, crops and life which establishes a strong connection between the dancers and the audience at an emotional level.

Costumes used in Gumrag Dance

The Gumrag dance, one of the prominent cultural dances of the Mishing tribe, is not only famous for the music and the dance postures; its significance also lies in the traditional costumes and jewellery associated with it. The costumes and jewellery featured in this dance add an aesthetic appeal but also lends to mood, identity & traditional craftsmanship of Mishing tribe. Additionally, the costumes and jewellery that they are wearing while performing amplifies their physical and cultural expressiveness in this art form.

Men's Costume: Mibu Galuk, the vernacular eye-catching sleeveless jacket worn by male Mishing of Assam manifesting cultural identity and heritage which is mostly worn on the occasion of festivals and ceremonies. Gandroo is a woven waist wrap, Jinrang is a sleeveless jacket and Marpung is a ceremonial headgear. These are the cultural pluralism of the Mishing which add the colour to the beat and a kind of rhythm of dancing to the Gumrag dance performed during the Ali-Aye-Ligang festival.

Women's Costume: These are traditional attires worn by women as lower parts of their dresses in Assam, especially among certain indigenous communities.

• Gero – The traditional lower garment for Singpho (also called as Singpho or Jingpo) women of Assam. It is usually a woven cloth — bright, decorated with national motifs, tucked in the waist like a sarong or skirt. Gero is an age-old Mishing wear of between tea-born men native of Assam; women tie it on their cattle breasts and Unmarried girls tie it around their waist; the wear portrays a cultural identity of natives of the state.
• Mosang Ege – This is another type of lower body wear used by women mainly in some tribes of Assam. Similar to Gero, it is a wrap-around garment, often intricately handwoven that represent cultural identity of the community.

Both garments are woven by hand, usually on a backstrap loom, and include geometric and symbolic designs that echo tribal traditions. These costumes are the epitome of not only the attires alone but also the culture, identity and tradition of the indigenous people of Assam.

Jewellery: The gumrag dance is performed around the lighted dheki which is a hand driven wooden pounding apparatus, the same ritual is followed in the evening too. The colourful silk garments worn by the dancers and the high metallic ornamentation adorning the body reflect the cultural richness of the Mishing tribe. Men also wear ornaments but this woman ornament is more complex and decorative.

Women's Jewellery:

Mishing tribal women of Assam wear beautiful traditional ornaments of great cultural value. Their jewellery includes:

• Dokne Necklaces: Beaded necklaces or ornaments, represent elegance and tradition, worn during festivals and ceremonies (for example, the Mangal sutra)

• Dunphool Bun Cap: a decorative element to Mishing women traditional hairstyle
• Lagphool Wristband: Chic wrist accessory which complements their overall look.
• Ru'pun / Pichiri Earrings: Unique, one-of-a-kind earrings that represent artists and their custom design for the tribe.

Such jewellery pieces reflect exquisite craftsmanship and culturally provide a rich essence of the traditional attire of the Mishing tribe.

Preservation, Promotion and Conclusion

Maintenance and Conservation: The costumes, music, ornaments as well as dance form of the Gumrag dance form is part of the cultural heritage of the Mishing tribe and therefore needs to be preserved and taken care of. Not only is its preservation vital to preserving the traditional legacy of the dance but is also vital for the survival of the community as a culturally unique and prosperous entity. The measures to maintain and safeguard the Gumrag dance are:

Promotion and awareness: Gumrag dance is not as familiar, and its significance must be translated to the next generation. Dance-special courses and workshops can be organized in schools and colleges to make students aware of the dance. Cultural centers and museums should hold exhibitions and information provides regarding Gumrag dance. This not only helps in creating awareness amongst the community, but it will also bring in outsiders who come into the town and visit the different sites. Stage Gumrag dance performances on a regular basis. Not only will this highlight traditional dance beauty but serves as an inspiration for future generations. Boost greater community involvement across large scale dance events. It will strengthen one’s bond and love for the dance.

Preservation of Dance Costumes and Jewellery

Dance costumes and jewels must be cleaned on a regular basis. Remember to wash clothing with gentle detergent and to avoid direct sunlight Keep jewellery dry and polish it from time to time to avoid oxidization. To keep your costumes and jewellery from getting damaged and preserve it use appropriate storage boxes/containers. To prevent dust and moisture from ruining costumes, store them in cloth or cardboard boxes.It is really important to get any kind of repairs done on the costume or their jewellery if it is damaged. Restore with care for all the traditional weaves, patterns and forms.Get in touch with local craftsmen and artisans to refashion old clothes and jewellery. They have traditional technique and expertise, so use that.

• Diversity & Inclusion: Community involvement in conservation of Gumrag dance This provides the continuity of dance traditions and practices.
• Digital & technical conservation: Recording videos of Ghamrag dance performances and practices. Not only is this a contemporary way of preservation, but it also bears record of the unique styles and techniques of movement. Post all dance online — videos, pictures, articles. This will also broaden the horizons of dance and make its cultural heritage a global, household name. Kickstart internet-based teaching and training programmes for everyone to learn Gumrag dance within the country and abroad.

Promotion of the Dance

Holding the Gumrag dance reflects its cultural importance and promotes it to broader people. The Mishing tribe is known for its traditional arts and the dance can be promoted through some measures which are quite effective:Raising awareness through the educational and cultural institutions: conduct workshops and lecture series on the distinctiveness, history and cultural significance of Gumrag dance. This will get the students to be aware of the dance and be even more culturally aware. Integrate dance within arts and culture education to ensure its relevance among millennials and generations to come. Gumrag dance could be performed during several cultural functions as well as events. This will also help expose the dance to new audiences. Set up special stalls and display spaces to exhibit the dance at various cultural fairs and exhibitions.Media, Digital Platforms: Disseminate content on dance of Gumrag on social media, FaceBook, Instagram, Twitter. This must be performance videos and pictures and dance history. Create hashtags and campaigns to trend the dance on social media. For in-depth knowledge about gumrag dance, its techniques, and its cultural significance, you can publish a website or a blog. Add videos and articles on the dance (e.g. tutorials, interviews, etc.) Post dance performance and training videos in a YouTube channel. Thus, the audience will be able to see and learn the dance .Countrywide, Cultural events: Collaborate with local cultural organizations, organizations to flourish and showcase the art of Gumrag dance Promote the dance as part of world cultural exchange events and workshops around the world. Conduct local Gumrag dance performances and training workshops. This will raise awareness of the dance locally and help with community engagement. Create presentations and documentaries focusing on various aspects of the dance. Feature it in community centres, schools and cultural events.

Conclusion

Gumrag dance is not only significant but also an important part of the cultural heritage of the Mishing tribe, which is quite colourful in itself. This dance is characteristic of their way of social and religious life and also their culture. This dance becomes culturally important due to its history, its style, its instruments, its costumes and also its preservation efforts.The Gumrag dance has historical background. This form of dance is one of the important cultural heritage and social events of Minishing tribe. This dance is a showcase of Mishing society's history, cultural identity, and social cohesion. It is performed in their festivals & important religious rituals, preferably played with traditional instruments like flute & drums. While the dancers exhibit their art, they also make sure that the cultural heritage continues to exist.This dance is similar and different in many ways. The various modes of the dance cover its position, acquaintance, and arrangement of the dancers to bring about the exact and organized execution of the dance. The Gumrag dance is a lively dance in multiple stylized forms, each of which has a number of steps, rhythms, and storylines. The dance is frequently carried out in groups which encourages collectiveism and partnership as well.The Gumrag dance is all about music and instruments. It embraces the folkloric elements of dhol, flute, cymbals, and more that lend a unique and lively rhythm to the form of dance. These instruments create the heightened energy and tempo of the dance, while providing the audience with a slightly different way in enjoying the dance. Apart from making the dance a tune, this confluence of music reflects the soul of Mishing culture. It is visually aesthetically designed through costumes and jewellery by penning down variations in the Gumrag dance. The dance forms and the costumes that the dancers wear are often full of vibrancy in colours and complexity in patterns, completely representing the cultural aspects of the dance.