Objective

The objective of this class is to understand the tradition, technique, and cultural significance of Bhil Painting. We will discuss the introduction, features, materials, techniques, major artists, contemporary influences, folklore, and fusion art of Bhil Painting, so that you can get a deeper understanding of this unique art form. First of all, let’s know where Bhil Painting is made.Bhil paintings are mainly made in the states of central and western India. This traditional tribal art is part of the cultural heritage of the Bhil tribe. This painting is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. Dhar, Jhabua, and Alirajpur districts in Madhya Pradesh are important centers of Bhil painting. Banswara, Udaipur, Pratapgarh, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh and Dungarpur districts of Rajasthan are also famous for this art. In Gujarat, this art is prevalent in Patan and Sabarkantha, Aravalli districts, while Bhil painting can be seen in Nandurbar and Dhule districts of Maharashtra.

History of Bhil Painting

The history of Bhil Painting is centuries old and it is deeply connected to the cultural heritage of the Bhil tribe. The Bhil tribe, one of the oldest tribal communities in India, has been depicting their stories, beliefs, and traditions through their art and culture. Bhil painting began with the use of natural colors and simple tools, using colors made from tree bark, clay, crushed colored stones, flowers of plants, etc.
If we put Bhil painting and prehistoric painting together, we find many similarities.Initially this art was made on walls during religious, social rituals and festivals, in which stories of gods and goddesses, nature, and tribal life were depicted. Dots, lines and geometric shapes have special importance in the style of Bhil painting, which makes it different from other tribal arts. Lines have special greatness in Bhil paintings of Rajasthan. Today Bhil painting is not only an important part of Indian art, but it also reflects the depth of tribal life and its traditions.
Although the history of Bhil art is not clear, it is believed to be a centuries-old tradition. Over time, Bhil painting has evolved from being a household art to a popular art form. It is an art passed down from one generation to another, with most painters learning it from family members and elders, adding to its uniqueness. The traditional art of the Bhil community adorned the walls of mud houses in their villages. Beautiful paintings were made from branches of neem, bamboo, date palm, khakhra and other trees, and natural colours were used. Turmeric, flour, vegetables, leaves and oil were used to make bright colours, which were used to paint attractive paintings on floors and walls. It was a language that Bhil artists developed to express their experiences.One glance at a Bhil painting can distinguish it from any other art form. Bhil paintings usually depict characters from daily life in large, unnatural shapes, painted with earthy, natural but bright colours. These characters are then painted with patterns of fine and uniform dots and lines, which stand out sharply from the background. These dots and lines can be used by artists to symbolically represent anything, whether it is ancestors or deities. These patterns form the artist's signature style, making every Bhil artist's work unique.Bhil art is completely natural and original, reflecting the Bhil tribe's ancient connection to nature. Bhils are primarily an agricultural community, whose lives are deeply connected to the land. This art has been passed down through generations, with most artists learning it from their mothers and elder family members. Bhil paintings are often ritualistic, depicting land, people, animals, insects, deities, festivals, etc. The paintings also record various events in life such as birth and death, and are also offered as gifts to deities during festivals.In contemporary times, Bhil art has become more visible in the mainstream. Canvas is now being used instead of clay and acrylic colours are being used instead of natural colours. Artists who earlier used to paint on the walls and floors of their village homes are now getting national and international recognition, and their artworks are selling for hundreds of dollars. But despite the change in medium or identity, the honesty of this art remains intact, depicting real life in an accurate manner.Contemporary Bhil artists are also incorporating modern elements in their paintings, in which buses and other modes of transport are prominently seen. This reflects the authenticity of the art, which records the progressive nature of life.

Introduction to Bhil Tribe

The Bhil tribe is one of the major tribal communities of India, whose history and culture is extremely rich and ancient. This tribe mainly resides in the forests and hilly areas of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. The Bhil tribe is known for their bravery and love of freedom. In ancient times, Bhils were warriors, who were known for protecting their territory. Along with this, Bhils are experts in wild herbs and plants and Ayurvedic doctors (Bhil Tribal Medicine).
The lifestyle of the Bhil tribe is based on deep relations with nature. They depend on agriculture, hunting, and forest products. Traditional religious beliefs have an important place in Bhil society, in which nature, ancestors, and various gods and goddesses are worshiped. The art and culture of the Bhil tribe, especially Bhil painting, expresses their life stories, beliefs, and traditional knowledge. This tribe is also adapting to modernity while preserving its cultural heritage. Due to language change, the Bhil community uses various forms of Indo-Aryan languages, which are collectively called Bhil languages. The Bhil community is divided into several regional groups, which are further subdivided into various gotras and lineages.The Bhil tribe is listed as a scheduled tribe in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra. All these states are located in the region of western Deccan and central India. In addition, they also have a presence in the areas of Bengal and Tripura in eastern India, which are located near the border with Bangladesh. Today many Bhils now use the major languages ​​of their region such as Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Rajasthani, or a local Bhil dialect.Some scholars believe that the term 'Bhil' is derived from the Dravidian word 'bil' or 'billu', meaning 'bow'. The term is used for various ethnic communities that inhabit the mountains and forests of the southern parts of Rajasthan and surrounding areas of western India. The name emphasizes that bows and arrows were widely used by these groups, and the natives of this region are also commonly referred to as 'Bhils'.According to historian John Samuel, based on legends and historical facts, the Bhil tribe controlled large parts of Gujarat between the 11th and 15th centuries, later the Rajputs took over these areas.

Subdivisions

The Bhil tribe is divided into several regional groups, each of which has its own gotra and lineage. The Bhils in Rajasthan are composed of various sub-groups such as the Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Mewasi Bhil, Warli, Bagdi, Bhilwa or Billawa, Barela, Khotil, Dangchai, Gameti, Ahari, Katara, Kalasua, Kasauta, Koted, Kharari, Khetad, Khair, Gamar, Garasia, Ghoghara, Charpota, Dagar, Dani, Jagatia, Damar, Damor, Dindor, Dodiyar, Tabiar, Tawad, Darangi, Dama, Nanoma, Ninama, Padiyar, Parmar, Pandor, Pargi, Bamania, Bhagora, Bhanat, Mandot, Maida, Rawat, Rot, Vadera, Khant, Makwana, Bhilal, Vasava, Bumbaria, Hadat, Kharia, Limbat, Hirat Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Vasava and Vasave.

Area inhabited by Bhil community

The Bhil community traditionally settles their villages on mounds and hill slopes. The geographical structure of these villages is known as "Pal", which consists of some "Phaliya" (group of villages). A Pal is usually a group of several castes, and hence intermarriage within the Pal does not pose any problem.Even when the Pal is large, the Bhils recognize its social boundaries. They follow the respective rules and taboos, thereby maintaining a higher unity and solidarity. Sudden emergencies are expressed by the beating of drums, whose tone, speed and style are understood by the people, and they show their unity by responding quickly.Even outside the Pal, the Bhils maintain their social identity. Bhil families live in many multi-ethnic villages, where they share the community concerns of the village but maintain their own identity. There is cultural intermingling in these villages, but the Bhils try to live outside the caste system.This structure of Bhil villages not only reflects their social organization but also strengthens their cultural fabric and identity. The location of their villages and their social structure deeply influence the traditional lifestyle of the Bhil community.

Construction of a house

When a couple in the Bhil community decides to build a house for themselves, they consult their family members and senior persons to choose the location. They start collecting the materials required to build the house such as wooden poles, stones, kelu, bamboo and soil. Their brothers and relatives help in this process. Earlier, wood and bamboo were available from the forests, but now they have to be purchased from the market due to forest regulations.The person planning to build a house consults the Purjai Bhopen to decide on an auspicious day. On the decided day, the person building the house reaches the site with some offerings, such as sindoor, rice, jaggery, coconut, coloured thread and a coin. His family and neighbours also attend the occasion. The offering is placed in the foundation, using self-made kelu (ghaprel). Presently concrete roofs are also being constructed. People participating in the construction pray that the work is successful. The couple and family members assist in the construction work, and sometimes a skilled mason is also hired. The roof is constructed under the supervision of a skilled carpenter.When the construction of the house is completed, the family enters the new house on an auspicious day, usually Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday. When the family enters the new house, the first thing brought is wheat or barley in a basket, and the wife brings water in a pitcher on her head. Thus, both religious and traditional aspects are given importance in the process of house building in the Bhil community.

New Means of Communication

Bhil tribal families subscribe to newspapers, listen to radio, and television is available in the better-off families. These types of modern means of communication have had a great influence on the consciousness of the Bhil youth. All the tribal districts have colleges and some renowned universities.Mobile phones have played an important role in increasing the connectivity and uniting the Bhil community. Mobile phones are used for various purposes, such as giving information, getting information, finding jobs, information about diseases, information about the place of treatment, information about accidents, contacting relatives and people of the caste.These modern means have not only increased their information but also empowered many aspects of their lives. These means are also important for uniting them socially and economically, allowing them to step into the new world while maintaining their traditions.The changes in the house construction and means of communication of the Bhil community reflect their cultural and social life. House construction is an important process that involves traditional beliefs and family cooperation. At the same time, new means of communication have provided them with a modern outlook, which has promoted their social status and development. Thus, the Bhil community is being able to adopt modernity along with their old traditions.

Occupation

Agriculture: The main livelihood of the Bhil community is agriculture. With the advent of monsoon, which occurs in the second or third week of June, ploughing of fields begins. The first rain is welcomed and Bhil farmers start ploughing their fields. People start work early in the morning and work till sunset. At present many farmers use tractors for ploughing, while those who do not have tractors contract with tractor owners. Small fields are ploughed by traditional oxen with a wooden plough with an iron piece at the end. This plough cuts the land 4 to 5 inches deep. Usually men plough the fields, while women sow seeds after them. The division of work is based on the general principle that heavy work is done by men, while light work is done by women. At present 20 percent of the farmers in the Bhil area use tractors, but threshers are used by a greater number of farmers. Wealthy farmers and those who have large farms use machines in their agricultural operations.In the rainy season, Bhil farmers sow maize and urad dal. In winter wheat, gram and some types of pulses are grown as the main crop. Some vegetables are also grown in small quantities in both seasons, which include ladyfinger, onion, garlic, ginger, potato, sweet potato, carrot, radish, gourd, pumpkin and cucumber. Many Bhil farmers work on a sharecropping basis and adopt other occupations.The Bhil community believes that gods and goddesses will protect the crop and cattle. The farm deity Khetlo, Khetarpal Bavji is worshipped from time to time. Khetarpal is offered coloured thread, coconut and a cock or goat sacrifice.

Cattle, Poultry and Other Animals

As a permanent agricultural community, Bhil families keep cattle. Although tractors have come to the Bhil area, 80 percent of the farmers keep bulls for ploughing and irrigation. Cows, buffaloes and goats are milk-giving animals; their dung is also very valuable as manure and is also used as fuel. On the festival of Diwali, cattle are painted and a tantu (ritual thread) is tied around their neck. Ghee and butter are used in the family or for sale in the market. Goat milk is low in fat content and is used especially for children. Animals are bought and sold in animal fairs. The Bhil community is largely engaged in sustainable agricultural activities, keeping cattle for agricultural purposes and milk.The agriculture, cattle rearing, and other occupations of the Bhil community reflect their cultural identity and lifestyle. Their agricultural practices are a confluence of traditional and modern methods.

Cultural Significance

The cultural significance of Bhil painting is deeply rooted in the identity, traditions, and religious beliefs of the Bhil tribe. This art is not just a medium of beauty but a vivid depiction of the lifestyle of the Bhil community, their relationship with nature, and their spiritual perceptions. Bhil painting is dominated by dots and lines and geometric shapes and depicts stories of nature, gods, and tribal life through colors.This painting is not only a part of religious rituals and festivals but it is also a means of maintaining the community spirit and cultural heritage of the Bhil tribe. Through painting, the Bhil community passes on its traditions to the next generation. Apart from this, Bhil painting has also made its mark in the global art world, giving international recognition to the culture of this tribal community. Thus, Bhil painting is an important part of their cultural existence and identity.The religion and religious beliefs of the Bhil community are deeply connected to nature. Each village has a local deity (Gramdev) and families have their own Adidev, Kuldev and Kuldevi, who are worshipped in symbolic form with stones. Their major deities include Khakal Dev, Bhairu Ji, Kala Ji Gaura Ji, Bhainsasur, Sira Bavji, Ramdev Ji. Also, the Bhil community worships the buffalo as Bhainsasur.Religiously, most Bhils consider themselves Hindus, although some Bhil community have converted to other religions but some still consider nature as their own.Various festivals like Rakshabandhan, Navratri, Dussehra, Diwali and Holi are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm in the Bhil community.In the traditional political structure of the community, villages are led by the village head (Gameti), who has the authority to take decisions on local disputes and issues.The main language spoken by the Bhils is Bhili, which is prevalent in their geographical area of ​​residence. Bhili has about 36 identified dialects and its pronunciation varies by region. The Bhili language is based on Gujarati, but the dialects of Bhili gradually merge with more widespread languages ​​such as Marathi in the southeast and Rajasthani in the northwest. According to the census, about 10 million people have recorded themselves as Bhili speakers.Estimates of the number of speakers of smaller languages ​​such as Bhili are often inaccurate, as these are sometimes assumed to be native speakers of major languages ​​(such as Marathi or Gujarati). Bhils in Sindh speak Sindhi, Bhili and Dhatki.

Culture: The culture of the Bhils is rich and unique. Ghoomra is a traditional folk dance of the Bhil tribe, which symbolizes femininity. Young girls participate in this dance to announce that they are stepping into the role of a woman. Ghoomra dance is a group dance performed by men and women. Dangdi, Gavari and Ger dance are the main dances performed by the Bhil tribe.

Art: The Bhil paintings of Udaipur are dominated by colorful dots and lines and geometric lines. Bhuri Bai was the first Bhil artist to be awarded the Padma Shri award. She made paintings using readymade colors and paper. Prominent Bhil artists of Rajasthan include Phulaji Pargi, Gomaji, Dr. Yashpal Baranda, Dimple Chandat, Dr. Wajhing Maida, Prabhu Lal Gameti, Praveen Baranda, Chandrika Parmar, Seema Damor, Ramesh Chandra Asoda, Mangilal Gameti, Chanda Damor.

Food: The main food of the Bhils is corn, onion, garlic and chilli, which they grow in their small farms. They collect fruits and vegetables from the local forests. Wheat and rice are used only on festivals and other special occasions. They possess self-made bows and arrows, swords, knives, axes etc. for self-defense and hunting. They use liquor made from the flowers of Mahua (Madhuca longifolia). Special preparations are made on festivals, such as dishes made from maize, wheat, barley, and rice. Bhils are traditionally non-vegetarians.

Clothing: The traditional clothing of men includes pagri, angarkha, potya, feta, dhepada, bandi, shirt, kurta, dhoti and gamchha. Traditionally, women wear sari and lugra/odhni and ghagra-choli.Bhils have many traditional ornaments. Men wear kada, bajuband, chain, ear rings, and kardahani. Women wear various ornaments like hansali (ring), zele-zumke (earrings), narnia (bangle), nathni (nose ornament), etc. Tattooing is a traditional practice among them, and women usually get tattooed before marriage.

Dance: The main form of entertainment of the Bhil tribe is folk songs and dances. Women dance to the beats of dhol and kudi in traditional Bhil style on birth ceremonies, marriage functions and some festivals. Their dances include lathi (danda) dance, dhol dance, wedding dance, war dance, bhagoria dance, holi dance, gaur dance, saajoni dance, deepawali dance and hunting dance. Ghoomra is a traditional folk dance of Bhil tribe in Rajasthan, which symbolizes womanhood. Young girls participate in this dance to announce that they are stepping into the role of woman. Ghoomra dance is a group dance performed by men and women. Dangdi, Gavari and Ger dance are the main dances performed by the Bhil tribe.Musical instruments include harmonium, sarangi, kundi, flute, apanga, khajriya, cymbals, mandal and thali. These

Marriage: Marriages are endogamous among the Bhils, who are further divided into sub-castes and lineages. Marriage alliances are not entered into within five generations of relatives on both the mother's and father's sides and usually not before adulthood. Marriages are usually arranged through negotiations, payment of bride money is a traditional practice, called 'Dapa'.

Marriage Process: Arranged marriages are negotiated by the parents or guardians of the boy and the girl. Usually, the initiative is taken by the boy's family. Before the marriage, the boy's parents enquire about the girl's looks and temperament. The most important thing is whether there is any prior claim to the girl.Sometimes the young start their married life without the permission of the parents. The date of marriage is fixed with the help of a mediator in fixing the date. Once the date of marriage is fixed, the boy's side proceeds to the girl's village. On reaching the girl's village, her father welcomes the in-laws and the wedding party.There are three important ceremonies before the marriage. First, the family deities are worshipped. In the Gugdi collection ceremony, all the heads of the extended families assemble and contribute to the wedding ceremony. The groom and his party proceed towards the bride's house and the groom holds a sword. After some rituals by the mother of the bride, the groom worships in the room of the deities. After other rituals, the groom and his party return to their village with the bride. In the wedding, the groom or bride is taken around the village on a horse or buggy accompanied by dance and song, which is called 'Vanauli' in the local language.

Family Property: All sons are equal heirs to the property of the parents, the eldest son has the right to inherit his father's rights. But the youngest son has the right to the ancestral house.

Characteristics of Bhil Painting

• Use of dots, lines and patterns: Bhil painters take out some time from their busy life to express community feelings, joy and entertainment moments through painting. Bhil painters have the freedom to create their own form, so their style of painting is also individual.
• Use of dots and lines: In Bhil painting, pictures are made through small dots and lines (dots and lines). These dots are of different colors and they are decorated in a specific pattern. Bhil painters easily find the subject matter for their paintings in physical, biological and environmental things.
• Use of patterns: Patterns are used in Bhil painting mainly to depict natural and geometric forms. These patterns include branches of trees, leaves, flowers and various geometric shapes. These patterns in a way reflect the life of the Bhil tribe and their deep connection with the environment. They do not make any special preparations to make their paintings, rather they absorb whatever they see in their surrounding environment and put it into their paintings.

Dots and lines are combined to create patterns, which produces a harmonious and balanced composition. Thus, dots, lines, and patterns are used in Bhil painting not only to enhance the aesthetic sense, but it also symbolizes the cultural heritage and life approach of the Bhil community. The most distinctive feature of Bhil paintings is definitely the dotted patterns used to create these beautiful creations. The images are recognizable by the simplicity of their shapes and simple line drawings. They are impossible to ignore and are instantly recognizable by people. The images of Bhil art embody religious rituals, ceremonies, and festivals and are deeply rooted in their social and cultural beliefs, lifestyle, and natural surroundings.

Ritual of Gaal-Vapsi/Gol-Ghadelo

This colourful art depicts the ancient practice of Gaal/Gol celebrated by the Bhil tribe on the second day of Holi. The purpose of this ceremony is to please the main deity, Gaal Dev, who grants relief from distress, pain, and diseases. In this ritual, the person who performs it hangs from the Gaal pole and circles around it three, five, or seven times as a symbol of gratitude. The villagers set up a sturdy pole and prepare a scaffold for the ceremony. A long horizontal wooden block is fixed at the top of the pole for balance. At one end of this pole is the person who is set to conduct the ritual, while the other end is tied firmly with a rope to control it from below. A large number of people gather to watch the ceremony. Usually, women dance in groups, elders smoke chillum, and people sit on the scaffold to support the performer. The ritual of sacrifice by the Badwa (religious person) is also depicted here.

Gad-Ghadhera/Gad Parva

In this clay relief, Bhil artist Bhuri Bai recalls her younger days when she lived with her parents in Navapara, Khangera, Gujarat and participated in the Gad-Ghadhera ceremony. This social ceremony is held in search of a suitable partner. After Holi and on the day of Akadasi, the Gadh festival is held, which tests the physical strength, stamina, and ability of eligible young men. On the day of this ceremony, a large wooden pole is greased and smeared with oil. The pole is erected and a bag filled with jaggery, coconut, and a few coins is placed on its top. Unmarried girls dance in a circle around the pole with sticks and brooms in their hands. There is an outer circle of boys who dance and try to break the circle of girls. At the end, the man who climbs the pole and takes out the bag gets the right to marry any of the girls. The art features puppets, a man raising a flag in support of a friend, and men playing music and drums. Finally, there is a sacrifice scene, which shows the successful execution of the ceremony.

Colour Selection: Natural and Synthetic Colours

Colour selection is an important aspect of Bhil painting, which adds vibrancy to the painting and adds to its cultural identity. Traditionally, Bhil artists used natural colours, but in modern times, synthetic colours have also started being used. Let us see how natural and synthetic colours are selected:

• Natural Colours:

  Traditional Bhil paintings used natural colours, which were obtained from plants, soil, and minerals. For example,

  • Red colour - from ochre (red soil),
  • Yellow colour - from turmeric,
  • Green colour - from leaves or flowers,
  • White colour - from lime or mortar,
  • Orange colour - from flowers of teshu (khakhara),
  • Black colour - from coal or burnt wood.
  • Some colours are also obtained from minerals.
• Synthetic colours:

  Not only are the colours easily available to them, but they also reflect the deep connection of the Bhil tribe with nature. The use of natural colours gives the painting a traditional and cultural look.
  Nowadays, Bhil artists have also started using synthetic colours. These colours are easily available and can be used with different depths and sheen. Synthetic colours, such as acrylic paints, watercolours, have a long-lasting durability and a wide variety of shades, allowing artists to expand their creativity.The use of synthetic colours makes the painting more bright and vibrant, but at the same time it also takes it away from the legacy of traditional natural colours.

Common Themes: Animals, Birds, Nature, Religious Depictions

The common themes of Bhil paintings reflect their tribal life, deep connection with nature, and religious beliefs. Let us discuss these themes in detail:

• Animals: Bird Paintings: The depiction of animals plays an important role in Bhil paintings. Usually, local wildlife such as deer, tiger, elephant, goat, cow, horse, and other animals are depicted. These paintings depict the Bhil community's traditional relationship with animals and birds and their lifestyle. Animals in the painting are often decorated through dots and lines and patterns, making them look lively and attractive.Depiction of birds is also a common theme of Bhil painting. Peacock, parrot, rooster and other birds are prominently depicted in the painting. The birds are presented colorfully and in detail, which highlights their natural beauty. The depiction of birds symbolizes the Bhil tribe's deep sensitivity towards nature and their religious beliefs.
• Nature depiction: Nature is the focal point of Bhil painting. Trees, plants, flowers, rivers, mountains, etc. are depicted very beautifully. The depiction of trees, especially through dots, lines and patterns, is a distinctive feature of Bhil painting. This depiction not only shows natural beauty, but also reflects the deep relationship of the Bhil tribe with nature.
• Religious depiction:Religious and spiritual themes figure prominently in Bhil paintings. Gods and goddesses, Kalash, Nag Devta, Shiv Parvati, Swastika, Durga Mata, Panja, Trikon Puja rituals, and mythology are presented through paintings. This depiction reflects the religious beliefs and traditions of the Bhil community. Religious depiction uses traditional motifs and symbols, which gives spiritual depth to the art.

Through these common themes, Bhil painting not only narrates the stories of their lives, but also celebrates their cultural heritage and spirituality.

Materials and Technique

Colours, Brushes and Other Tools Used

• Colours:
  • Natural colours: Traditional Bhil paintings use natural colours obtained from plants, soil, stones and minerals. These colours usually include red, yellow, green, blue and black.
  • Synthetic colours: Contemporary Bhil painting also uses synthetic colours, which are more vibrant and stable. These colours increase the durability of the painting and provide brilliant effects.
• Brushes:
  • Handmade brushes: Traditional Bhil painting uses brushes made from bamboo cane or other natural materials such as Tesu Palash (Khakhra). The size of these brushes is individually customized according to the artist's needs.
  • Style and size: Painting techniques and patterns are created using different brush styles and sizes, such as small dots and intricate patterns.
• Other tools:
  • Pens and pencils: Pencils and other writing instruments are commonly used to help outline an image in sketching.
  • Metal and stones: Some traditional artworks also use metal objects and stones to apply color or decorate the image.

Method and process of painting

The method and process of Bhil painting is part of a rich tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation. The process of creating this art requires patience, precision, and creativity. Let us understand the method and process of Bhil painting in detail:

• Surface Preparation:Before creating a Bhil painting, the surface on which the painting will be done is prepared. Traditionally, walls, walls of mud houses, or cloth were used. In modern times, artists use canvas, paper, or other surfaces. After the surface is smoothed and cleaned, a base color is applied, which is usually white or light.
• Sketching:The process of sketching involves lightly sketching the main subject of the painting. This sketch determines the structure of various elements of the painting, such as animals, birds, trees, or religious symbols. Traditionally, coal or charcoal was used for sketching.
• Dotting:The most distinctive process of Bhil painting is the creation of dots and lines. These dots (dots and lines) give liveliness and depth to the painting. Artists carefully apply tiny dots and lines in a pattern that spreads across the surface of the painting. The colours used for the dots and lines were traditionally natural, but nowadays synthetic colours are also used. A thin needle or brush is used to create the dots and lines.
• Colouring:After the outline and dots and lines are applied, the process of colouring the painting begins. The choice of colours depends on the theme of the painting and the creativity of the artist. Different parts of the painting are filled with different colours, making every part of the painting look special and vibrant.
• Patterns and Final Touches:After colouring, patterns are created. These patterns are in the form of geometric forms, natural shapes, or traditional motifs. The beauty of the painting is highlighted through these patterns. Finally, the painting is given final touches, in which necessary corrections and details are brought out.
• Drying and Preservation: Once the painting is ready, it is left to dry completely. After the drying process, the painting is preserved so that it remains durable for a long time. In traditional Bhil paintings, the painting was protected using ghee or natural varnish.

Layering and Sketching Techniques

Layering and sketching techniques play an important role in Bhil painting, as these techniques provide structure and depth to the painting. Let us learn about these techniques in detail:

1. Sketching Techniques:

Initial Sketching:

• Bhil painting begins with sketching, in which artists make a light outline of the pre-decided subject.
• Traditionally, charcoal or a thin stick was used for sketching, but in modern times pencil is also used.
• During sketching, artists determine the position and size of the main elements of the painting such as animals, birds, trees, and religious symbols.

Planning the Motifs and Designs:

• Sketching involves planning the motifs and designs for dots and lines and patterns.
• Bhil artists create preliminary designs using geometric shapes, circles, triangles and lines.
• This process of sketching serves as a guide for the final form of the painting, in which artists put their ideas into a concrete form.

2. Layering Technique:

Base Layer:

• After sketching, the first layer of the painting is prepared. In this layer, artists use a base color, which is usually white or a light color.
• This base layer helps to connect all the elements of the painting and provide them a uniform background.

Layering the Dots:

• The most important process of layering is the creation of dots and lines.
• Artists create multiple layers of dots and lines in different colors.
• In each layer, the dots and lines are arranged in a specific pattern, which brings out the depth and detail of the painting.
• During layering, the dots and lines are gradually increased, which brings variety and liveliness to the painting.

Layers of Colors and Patterns:

• In the process of layering, the artist gradually adds layers of colors and patterns.
• Patterns and shapes are highlighted using different colors in each layer.
• This process gives depth and detail to the painting, so that each layer is placed on top of the previous layer, and ultimately a rich and complex picture is created.

Final Layer and Touches:

• In the final process of layering, final touches are given to the painting.
• In this, the details of dots and lines, colors and patterns are further highlighted, so that the painting looks complete and lively.

The techniques of layering and sketching in Bhil painting are important to give the painting an organized and intricate look. Through these techniques artists showcase their creativity, and make the paintings vibrant and attractive.

Create your own Bhil painting

Bhil paintings represent the community's daily life, religious and mythological beliefs, and cultural customs. The art usually features simple geometric patterns, wildlife, and human figures. Here are step-by-step instructions for creating your own Bhil art:

• Choose a surface: Traditionally, Bhil art is done on the walls of homes with natural colors. But you can also create Bhil art on paper, canvas, fabric, or any other surface.
• Prepare the materials: Bhil art is made with natural colors derived from plants and stones. You can make your own colors by grinding materials such as charcoal, turmeric, and indigo.
• Draw the design: Most Bhil art is based on the natural world and features bold, geometric patterns. Make a light sketch with a pencil on your surface.
• Fill in the colors: Once you have a sketch of the design, you can begin to paint using a brush or your fingers. Bhil art uses bright colors, so feel free to use bright colors.
• Add details: Once you have filled in the main parts of your design, you can add dots and lines, streaks, and waves to create more intricate details. These details can give your Bhil art piece more texture and depth.
• Let dry: Allow your Bhil art piece to dry completely and then display it. You can do this by spraying fixative or placing it in a frame to protect your art.
• Enjoy creativity: Remember that Bhil art is an ancient art form from the Indus Valley that takes time and practice to learn. When you paint, let your creativity and imagination run wild so you can create beautiful Bhil art.

Differences Between Bhil and Gond Paintings

Both Bhil and Gond paintings are Indian tribal art forms, but there are significant differences between them. India's rich cultural heritage includes a variety of folk arts, which reflect the unique identity of various tribes and communities. In this context, Bhil and Gond styles of folk art hold an important place. Both these styles are considered tribal art, and although they have some similarities, there are also many significant differences between them.
The Bhil tribe is one of the largest indigenous communities of India, settled mainly in the central and western Indian states of Rajasthan. The culture and traditions of the Bhil community are clearly visible in its painting forms. On the other hand, the Gond tribe, which resides mainly in Madhya Pradesh, is known for its unique painting forms. Both these tribes have an important role in the development of Bhil and Gond painting.
Gond painting has a predominant use of black color, while bright colors such as red, yellow, and blue are used only to highlight certain parts. In contrast, Bhil painting uses a wide range of colors, making these paintings appear vibrant and bold. Bhil painting is characterised by its minimal brushwork and use of geometric forms. Gond painting is characterised by intricate patterns, which are formed through dots and lines.
Bhil paintings often depict elements of nature, including images of plants, animals, and rural life. These paintings not only reflect beauty but also keep alive the cultural heritage and traditions of the community. Gond paintings also depict natural scenes and creatures, but here there is more attention to intricacy and detailed details.
Contemporary Bhil painters still use natural colours, which are obtained from stones and plants. However, they are now also working on more accessible mediums like paper and canvas. In contrast, Gond painters, who were earlier known for painting on the walls of their houses, have started keeping pace with modernity. They are now painting using synthetic colours on paper and canvas.
Bhil and Gond paintings not only have technical differences but also have important social and cultural aspects. Bhil paintings mostly depict scenes of daily life, festivals, and religious celebrations, while Gond paintings contain complex stories and mythical elements.
Both Bhil and Gond tribes organize various festivals to celebrate their cultural diversity, where paintings play an important role. These paintings narrate the story of their lives and strengthen their identity.
Bhil and Gond paintings have now become famous not only in India but also internationally. These paintings are exhibited in various art exhibitions, museums, and galleries, thereby recognizing the prevalence and value of their art.
Bhil and Gond paintings are two unique and important Indian folk art styles. The differences between the two are not only in color, technique, and design elements but also in their cultural and social identity. Bhil and Gond paintings are symbols of Indian tribal art, reflecting the cultural diversity and uniqueness of the communities. Their art has not only enriched Indian culture but has also made them famous on the international stage.
Studying both these styles not only gives us an idea of ​​their art form and the diversity of colours but also gives us an opportunity to understand their social and cultural life. Both Bhil and Gond paintings are an important part of our country's cultural heritage and remind us that art is not just a visual medium but also represents the stories, traditions and cultural identity of the people.

Prominent Artists and Contemporary Influences

Here we will highlight those artists who have created Bhil paintings and have been awarded the Padma Shri award, as well as the names of some artists who have taken this art forward.

Famous Bhil Artists: Some Prominent Names and Their Contributions

Many artists have contributed significantly in getting Bhil painting recognized at the national and international level. Some of these artists have also been awarded prestigious awards like Padma Shri for their excellence. Let us take a look at these artists:

Padma Shri Awarded Bhil Artists:

• Padma Shri Bhuri Bai: Bhuri Bai is a prominent Bhil artist who took Bhil painting to new heights through her unique style and creativity. She was born in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh. She was the first female Bhil artist to create Bhil paintings on paper and canvas. Bhuri Bai was honoured with the Padma Shri award in 2021, which is a testimony to her contribution and bringing recognition to Bhil art worldwide.
• Padma Shri Lado Bai: Lado Bai is another famous artist of the Bhil tribe, whose painting style has special use of dots, lines and colors. She was born in Madhya Pradesh, and gave a new direction to Bhil painting. She has also been awarded the Padma Shri Award for her remarkable contribution.
• Padma Shri Jivya Soma Mashe: Jivya Soma Mashe is a leading artist of Bhil painting, who was awarded the Padma Shri Award for his excellent work. He is a resident of Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh and preserves the traditional style of Bhil painting. His work has a unique use of dots, lines and colors, which makes his paintings vibrant and distinctive. Jivya Soma Mashe's art has played an important role in giving global recognition to Bhil painting.

Prominent Bhil artists of Rajasthan

• Dimple Chandat (Adi Gaurav Award recipient artist): Dimple Chandat is a prominent Bhil artist of Rajasthan, she has given a unique identity to her traditional Bhil art in the country and abroad. In the year 2024, she has been awarded the Adi Gaurav Award by Her Excellency Madam President for outstanding work in the field of art.
• Phulaji Pargi: Phulaji is the most senior artist of the Bhil tradition style. He mainly does wall painting work. He is a leading artist of depiction of tribal daily life.
• Gomaji: Gomaji is a resident of the remote Aravalli region of Udaipur. He has created Bhil paintings based on subjects contained in nature.
• Dr. Yashpal Baranda: Dr. Yashpal Baranda is a young painter of the Bhil tribe. He has completed post-graduation in Fine Arts and has given recognition to his traditional Bhil painting style through exhibitions in Rajasthan and beyond. He has been honored with national and state-level awards in the field of art.
• Dr. Wajhing Maida: Dr. Wajhing Maida is a prominent Bhil painter from the Banswara district of Rajasthan. Through his unique style and creativity, he has elevated Bhil painting to new heights. His art reflects the influence of the Bhil painting style of the Jhabua region due to his village's proximity to the Madhya Pradesh border.
• Prabhu Lal Gameti: Prabhu Lal Gameti is a skilled Bhil painting artist. As a student of art education, his work blends the traditional Bhil painting style with originality. He creates artworks using materials like thread, glass, and bangles.
• Praveen Baranda: Praveen Baranda is a prominent young painter who vividly depicts the traditional life of the Bhil tribe. His art exhibitions are organized both within and outside the state.
• Chandrika Parmar: Chandrika Parmar is a prominent female painter specializing in 'Gautrej' and 'Mandana' art, traditionally created during wedding occasions of the Bhil tribe. A postgraduate in painting, she has played a key role in keeping traditional Bhil, wall painting, and Mandana art alive and unique.
• Ramesh Chandra Asoda: Ramesh Chandra Asoda is an excellent Bhil painting artist. His traditional artwork graces walls, courtyards, and canvases. A saree painted by him in traditional art was presented to the President of India during the Adi Gaurav Samman ceremony.
• Mangilal Gameti: Mangilal Gameti is a unique Bhil painting artist known for his traditional style. His contributions have brought recognition to Bhil art across various states in the country.
• Chanda Damor: Chanda Damor is a leading female artist of Bhil Mandana art. She excels in depicting tribal cultural and artistic heritage through her simple yet impactful drawings.

Place of Bhil Painting in Modern Art

The place of Bhil painting in modern art is important and unique. Traditional Bhil painting, which is an integral part of the tribal art of India, has now gained an important place in the global art scene. Its contemporary influence and acceptance can be understood through the following points and lines:

• Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Bhil Painting has preserved the cultural heritage of Indian tribal art in modern times. This traditional style still enjoys high recognition among art enthusiasts and collectors, which preserves it as a living cultural heritage.
• Fusion in Contemporary Art: Modern artists have presented a new approach by combining the elements of traditional Bhil Painting with contemporary art. In this fusion art, traditional dots and lines and patterns have been combined with modern colors and techniques, giving birth to new art styles.
• Art Exhibitions and International Platform: Bhil Painting has been displayed in many international art exhibitions and galleries. These exhibitions have brought Bhil Painting to a global audience, increasing the international recognition of its art and culture.
• Social and Economic Impact:Bhil Painting has empowered tribal artists economically and introduced their work to a wider market. It helps in the development of the art community and the recognition of the artists.
• Teaching and Research:Bhil Painting has been incorporated in modern art education, giving students and researchers an opportunity to understand the depth and diversity of tribal art. This research and study is helpful in spreading awareness about Bhil Painting.
• Digital and Media Impact:Digital media and social media platforms have given a new identity to Bhil Painting. Through online art community and art platforms, the reach and popularity of Bhil Painting has increased globally.

Thus, Bhil Painting has an important and respectable place in modern art. It not only preserves the traditional art but also redefines it in the context of modern art.

Conservation and Future of Bhil Painting

1. Conservation

Several efforts are being made to conserve Bhil painting, which is an important part of Indian tribal art. These efforts include the following aspects:

Preservation of traditional techniques:

• Workshops and training programmes are being organised to preserve and teach traditional techniques of Bhil painting, such as the use of dots and lines and patterns, and the use of natural colours.
• Young artists and community artists are being taught these traditions so that the art can survive from generation to generation.

Social and cultural initiatives:

• Bhil painting is being included in cultural programmes, performances and fairs. This creates awareness about the art and helps in its preservation.
• Communities are being encouraged to maintain their cultural heritage so that they can preserve their traditional art.

Use of science and technology:

• Modern techniques are being used to conserve colours and materials. The paintings are being stored and preserved in a proper manner so that they do not get destroyed with time.
• A digital archive of Bhil painting is being created using digital technologies, so that it can be stored and preserved online.

2. Future

The future of Bhil painting is bright, and there are many possibilities and directions for its development:

Modern and traditional styles:

• In the future, Bhil painting can prosper by combining modern techniques and traditional styles. New experiments and fusion art methods can give it a new direction.
• Young artists can develop new styles and methods by combining traditional techniques with a modern approach.

Global recognition and market:

• The recognition of Bhil painting is increasing in global art forums and galleries. Its demand and popularity in the international market may increase in the future.
• The global reach of Bhil painting will increase through art fairs, exhibitions and online platforms, which will provide new opportunities to artists.

Educational and Research Initiatives:

• Education and research of Bhil painting can be promoted in educational institutions. This will make the new generation aware about the importance and techniques of this art. The Government of India is also trying to promote its online education by creating a portal.
• Research and documentation will help in understanding the depth and diversity of Bhil painting.

Community Development and Art Opportunities:

• Community development programs and incentive schemes can be implemented to encourage Bhil painting.
• Financial assistance and support for art will help Bhil artists to develop and promote their work.
• Through these efforts and possibilities, Bhil painting will not only preserve its cultural heritage but will also create an important place in the world of art in the future.

Religious and Cultural Beliefs

Bhil Painting is not just an art form but it also symbolizes the religious and cultural beliefs of the Bhil tribe. The cultural identity, religious beliefs, and traditional beliefs of the tribe are expressed through this art. Let us discuss the religious and cultural aspects of Bhil Painting in this section:

1. Religious Beliefs

Serpent God (Naag Devta):

• Worship of the snake god is an important religious practice in the Bhil community. It is believed that the snake god provided agriculture and other essential knowledge of life to humanity.
• In the painting, the snake god is particularly depicted with colorful patterns and elaborate designs. In this depiction, various colors and symbols are used to show the religious significance of the snake god.

Ancestor Worship:

• Ancestor worship also has an important place in Bhil Painting. It is believed that the spirits of ancestors are important for the direction and preservation of life.
• In the painting, images of ancestors and scenes of their worship are depicted, which reflect the religious beliefs of the tribe.

Natural and Religious Rituals:

• Bhil paintings also depict religious rituals and ceremonies, such as places of worship, images, religious songs, and rituals.
• These paintings depict the process of traditional religious rituals and their significance.

2. Cultural Beliefs

Worship of Natural Elements:

• The cultural beliefs of the Bhil tribe show a deep connection with nature. Natural elements such as trees, mountains, and rivers are worshipped.
• In the painting, these natural elements are depicted with special colors and patterns. This depiction expresses the reverence and respect of the Bhil society towards nature.

Community and Traditional Life:

• Bhil paintings also depict aspects of the traditional life and society of the tribe. This depiction shows the diversity of tribal life and community cultural activities.
• The paintings depict traditional costumes, folk dances, and scenes from daily life, which cherish the cultural identity of the Bhil tribe.

Festivals and Celebrations:

• Festivals and celebrations are also depicted in Bhil paintings. These paintings depict the joy of festivals, cultural traditions, and mass celebrations.
• Scenes from major festivals such as Haat, Teej, and other cultural celebrations are depicted, which reflect the vibrancy and tradition of the tribal society.

Fusion Art

Fusion art is a contemporary art trend in which traditional and modern art styles are combined. In this art trend, different art forms, styles, and techniques are combined to create new and unique art forms. In the context of Bhil painting, fusion art has provided a new way of presenting this traditional tribal art from a modern perspective.

Elements of Fusion Art

• Blend of traditional and modern styles:
  • Fusion art combines the distinctive styles of traditional Bhil painting, such as dots and lines and patterns, with modern art forms to create new designs.
  • Modern techniques and colours are used in traditional painting, giving rise to new forms of art.
• Use of new techniques:
  • Natural colours and techniques used in traditional Bhil painting are combined with modern art materials and techniques.
  • Bhil painting is given a new direction by using digital media, stencilling, and other modern techniques.
• Inclusion of social and cultural themes:
  • Fusion art depicts social and cultural issues through art. In Bhil painting, traditional stories and myths are depicted in the context of modern issues.
  • Social messages and cultural identity are expressed through art.

Examples of Fusion Art

• Bhil elements in modern painting:
  • Many contemporary artists have incorporated traditional elements of Bhil painting into modern painting. New colour schemes, contemporary designs, and stylistic changes are used.
  • For example, traditional dots and lines and patterns are combined with graphic design and abstract art.
• Mixed Media and Installation Art:
  • Fusion art also uses mixed media and installation art. Bhil paintings are combined with various media such as paper, cloth, and metal to create new artworks.
  • These artworks combine traditional techniques of Bhil painting and modern art forms.
• Digital and Virtual Art:
  • Fusion art of Bhil paintings is displayed on digital platforms. Traditional art is reimagined through digital illustration and animation.
  • Interactive art experiences are created using Bhil paintings in virtual reality and augmented reality.

Benefits of Fusion Art

• Relevance of Traditional Art: Fusion art makes traditional Bhil painting relevant in the context of modern art. It is an effective way to reach traditional art forms to a new generation audience.
• Innovation in Art: Fusion art inspires new ideas and experiments. It provides artists with an opportunity to innovate between traditional and modern elements.
• Access to Global Audience: Through modern technologies and global art platforms, Fusion Art helps to make Bhil paintings accessible to a global audience.

Summary and Conclusion

Bhil Painting is a distinctive style of Indian tribal art created by the Bhil tribe of central and western India. This art is an important part of ancient traditions and cultural heritage. The characteristics of Bhil Painting, such as the use of dots and lines and patterns, use of natural colours, and socio-religious depictions, make it distinct from other art forms.

Key Points

• History and Significance of Bhil Painting: Bhil Painting is deeply rooted in tribal traditions. This art form represents social and religious beliefs that are deeply embedded in the lives of the Bhil tribe. Since ancient times, this painting has evolved as an essential part of their lives, where it not only portrays their experiences but also reveals the cultural values ​​and beliefs of their community.
• Religious and Cultural Beliefs: Religious and cultural beliefs have a prominent place in Bhil Painting. The paintings emphasize the worship of the snake god, ancestor worship, and natural elements. The image of the snake god, which symbolizes the cycle of life and protection, is prominent in these paintings. Along with this, worship of nature is also deeply manifested in these artworks, such as trees, animals, and water sources. These beliefs reflect the cultural and religious significance of Bhil painting, which distinguishes it from other art forms.
• Folktales and Myths: The folktales and myths of Bhil painting, such as "Goda and Mandavi" and "The Myth of the Snake God", add deep narrative and cultural layers to the art. These tales are not only a means of entertainment, but they also reflect the moral values ​​and beliefs of life. The depiction of these tales in the paintings provides the viewer with a wonderful visual experience, which is not only visually but also intellectually rich. This interaction increases the depth of the art and involves the viewer in the rich culture of the Bhil tribe.

Fusion Art

By combining the elements of traditional Bhil painting with modern techniques and styles, Fusion Art has given a new direction. This art form produces unique artworks by combining traditional and contemporary elements. Fusion Art not only gives rise to new perspectives but also becomes a source of inspiration for the younger generation of artists. This trend shows how old traditions can coordinate with modernity, giving rise to a new form of art. Bhil painting is a live representation of cultural and religious beliefs, which adds to its uniqueness and value. This art form not only cherishes traditional beliefs and folklore but also establishes a dialogue with modern art through fusion art.

Bhil Painting in the Future

In the future, preservation and promotion of Bhil painting will maintain its cultural significance as well as give it recognition on the global art platform. The confluence of traditional and modern art forms will help give a new direction to Bhil painting, allowing it to maintain an important place in the art world. Thus, the rich history, religious beliefs, and modern experiments of Bhil painting make it a unique and important art form, which not only preserves cultural heritage but also influences future art trends. Through this, not only the identity of the Bhil tribe is being maintained, but it is also highlighting the identity of Indian tribal art on the world art platform.